In general, objectives of the integrated MBR systems are to improve permeate rates, decrease membrane fouling, increase process stability and to obtain treated wastewater of requisite quality. 22 reported an MBR pilot plant experimental study designed to treat saline wastewater contaminated with hydrocarbons, which resulted in a high total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of ~90%.Ī plethora of studies have been done to enhance the performance of MBRs by integrating them with other systems 10, 23, 24. 21 illustrated removal of heavy metals from wastewater with removal efficiencies of Cu (II), Pb (II), Ni (II), and Zn (II) of 80%, 98%, 50%, and 77%, respectively. 20 investigated a full-scale MBR treating municipal wastewater for the removal of 48 trace organic chemical contaminants and found that removal percentage was over 90%. Removal of micropollutants is also a focus area. For example, textile wastewater containing azo dyes has been treated in a bioaugmented MBR coupled with a granular activated carbon (GAC) packed anaerobic zone resulting in over 95% dye removal in a short time 19. Of particular interest are highly polluting effluents from sectors, such as tanneries 15 and textiles 16, 17, as well as wastewaters with high salinity 18. Wastewater reuse has been targeted 11, 12 and a range of industrial wastewaters have been tested 13, 14. As a consequence, driven by growing water scarcity, ageing infrastructure and increasingly stringent discharge norms, the MBR market is growing rapidly and has successfully contributed to the broader wastewater treatment market furthermore, MBRs represent a significant market source for other membrane systems, especially microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and forward osmosis (FO) 8, 9, 10.īased on the literature, it is evident that in recent years, remarkable progress has been made in wastewater treatment via MBR technology. Thus, MBRs are well suited for on-site reuse of treated wastewater. they can also be integrated with oxidation processes, such as photolysis, sonolysis and chemical/electrochemical oxidation for removal of micropollutants 4, 5, 6, 7. Therefore, for obtaining high-quality treated wastewater, MBRs are recommended over other techniques, such as activated carbon adsorption, filtration, coagulation etc. This technology was introduced >30 years ago and offers the advantages of a smaller footprint, high-quality treated water, less sludge production, low energy demand, and a higher removal rate for pollutants. The two major categories of MBRs, based on their configuration and hydrodynamic control of membrane fouling, are submerged (SMBRs) and side stream MBRs. In MBRs operation, wastewater treatment is carried out via a combination of biological unit (for the biodegradation of waste streams) and membrane filtration unit (for the separation of treated water from biosolids using membrane module). Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have proven to be one of the most effective technologies globally for treating wastewater from different sources 1, 2, 3.
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